Determination of Color Fastness to Wash

Experiment No.: 05

Experiment Name: Determination of Color Fastness to Wash.

Introduction:

Color fastness to washing means, A specimen of the textile, in contact with one or two specified adjacent fabrics, is mechanically agitated under described condition of time and temperature in a soap solution, then rinsed and dried. The change in color of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabric are assessed with the grey scale.

(This part of ISO 105 specifies methods intended for determining the resistance of the color of textiles of all kinds and in all forms to domestic or commercial laundering procedures used for normal household articles using a reference detergent.

Principle:

A specimen of the textile in contact with specified adjacent fabric or fabrics is laundered, rinsed and dried. Specimens are laundered under appropriate conditions of temperature, alkalinity, bleaching and abrasive action such that the result is obtained in a conveniently short time. The abrasive action is accomplished by the use of a low liquor ratio and an appropriate number of steel balls. The change in color of the specimen and the staining of the adjacent fabric or fabrics are assessed by comparison with the grey scales or instrumentally.

Objective:

1. To learn about color fastness to washing.
2. To learn about the process to test color fastness to washing.

Apparatus & Materials:

1. Suitable Mechanical device which rotating speed of (40 +/- 2) rpm
2. Stainless steel balls (6mm in diameter & Wt = 1gm)
3. Stainless steel container
4. Sewing machine
5. Thermometer
6. Non-dyeable fabric (e.g. Poly propylene0
7. ISO type grey scale for Color changing
8. ISO type grey scale for Color staining
9. Color matching cabinet (Light Box0
10. Adjacent Fabric & Multi-fibre Fabric  

Adjacent Fabric & Multi-fibre Fabric:

DW: Di-acetate, Cotton, Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic, Wool; for 40℃ - 50℃ and certain test at 60℃.

TV: Tri-acetate, Cotton, Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic, Viscose; for certain test at 60℃ and all test at 70℃ and 95℃

Reagents:

1. ECE reference detergent = 4gm/l
2. Sodium perborate tetra hydrate = 1gm/l
3. Distilled water (Grade-3 water)

Test Specimen:

1. If the textile to be tested is fabric:

• Cut out a specimen of (10cm X 4cm) , by sewing along one of the shorter edges, with the multi-fibre adjacent fabric next to the face-side of the specimen.
• Or attach a specimen measuring (10cm X 4cm) between the two single fibre adjacent fabrics by sewing along one of the shorter edges.

2. If the textile to be tested is yarn and loose fibre:

Take a mass of the yarn or loose fibre approximately equal to one half of the combined mass of the adjacent fabric.

• Place it between (10cm X 4cm) pieces of multifibre fabric and (10cm X 4cm) of non-dye able fabric and sew them along all four sides.
• Place it between (10cm X 4cm) pieces of the two specified single fibre fabrics and sew them along four side.

Test Condition:

Test Number	Temperature (℃)	Liquor volume (ml)	Number of steel ball	Time	PH
A2S	40	150	10	30	Not adjusted
B2S	50	150	25	30	Not adjusted
C2S	60	50	25	30	10.5 +/- 0.1

Working Principle:

1. Collecting the sample from bulk and then conditioning for 4.30 to 6 hours.
2. Making a specimen of (10cm X 4cm) in size.
3. Sewing the specimen with multifibre fabric of same size at one corner.
4. Making the solution of 4gm/l detergent and 1gm/l sodium perborate.
5. Putting the specimen with multifibre fabric into the solution in Rotawash machine.
6. Rinsing with hot water respectively.
7. Squeezing with cold water of the sample is done.
8. Then drying is done at a temperature in the air not exceeding 60℃.
9. The stitching is then broken out except on one of the shorter end.
10. Measuring the staining and color change by grey scale and make a test report.

After Treatment:

After soaping treatment, remove the specimen, rinse twice in cold water and then in running cold water under a tap. Squeeze it and air dry at a temperature not exceeding 60℃. The change in color and staining is evaluated with the help of grey scale.

Evaluation:

Compare the contrast between the treated and untreated sample with the changing grey scale and staining of color in the adjacent fabric with the staining grey scale.

Fastness Property Evaluation:

• Grey scale for color change.
• Grey scale for staining

Fastness Grades:

1-5 for all except light fastness

Grade-1: Poor

Grade-5: Excellent

Interpretation of Grade:

1	Very Poor
2	Poor
3	Fair
4	Good
5	Excellent

Range of Limit: 1-5 Grade.

Accuracy(+/-): 0.5

Conclusion:

In this experiment, we get knowledge about color fastness to wash and multi fibre fabric. We learn about how determine color fastness to wash and how use multi fibre fabric.

Determination of Color Fastness to Rubbing.

Experiment No.: 04

Experiment Name: Determination of Color Fastness to Rubbing.

Introduction:

In the textile industry, a rub test determines the colorfastness of the color or dye in a fabric. It  is an essential test.

Rubbing: 

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the color of textiles of all kinds of fabrics, to rubbing off and staining other materials.

Principle:

Specimens of the textile are rubbed with a dry rubbing cloth and with a wet rubbing cloth.

Objectives:

1. To know about the color fastness of the given sample fabric.
2. To know the dyeing characteristic of fabric.
3. To know about crock meter.
4. To know the working principle of crock meter.
5. To know the color fastness of given sample.

Apparatus:

1. Suitable Crock Meter
2. Cotton Rubbing Cloth (desized, bleached, without finish)
3. Distilled Water
4. Emery Paper
5. Grey Scale for Staining
6. Filter Paper
7. Sample

Test Specimen:

If the textile to be tested is a fabric, two pieces not less than 14cm X 5cm are required for dry rubbing and two for wet rubbing. One specimen of each pair shall have the long direction parallel to the warp yarns and the other parallel to the weft yarns.

If the textile to be tested is yarn or thread, knit it into fabric to provide specimens at least 14cm X 5cm or from a layer of parallel stands by warping it lengthwise on a cardboard rectangle of similar

dimensions.

Before testing conditioning the specimen and rubbing cloth at least 4 hours.

Figure:

Machine Description:

All the parts of machine is suitable on a base. A standing device is contacted with base. There is an emery paper on the base to support the sample on pinned specimen holder is used on the emery paper to base the sample. At the right side of the standing device. Operating handle is situated at the left side a finger arm is placed a loading unit is situated on the finger arm lower of the finger arm a danger is attracted. There is spring is used to hole the crocking cloth.

Working Principle:

1. At first cut the fabric as required.
2. Set the fabric on the emery paper of crock meter.
3. Then set the crocking cloth in the finger pin with clip.
4. Rotate the handle of crock meter in ten times for rubbing the sample.
5. Remove the crocking cloth from peg.
6. In this way, we have done the rubbing for dry and wet condition of fabric

Dry Rubbing:

Place the conditioned rubbing cloth, flat over the end of the finger with weave parallel to the direction of rubbing finger. At a rate of one cycle per second, rub to and fro in a straight line 20times, 10times to and 10times fro along a track (104 +/- 3) mm long on the dry specimen with downward force of (9 +/- 0.2) N. Remove test specimen and again conditioning as described before.

Wet Rubbing:

Establish  a technique for preparing rubbing cloth by weighting a conditioned piece of cloth, then thoroughly soak in distilled water and re weight to ensure take up 95% to 100%. Then follow the instruction of dry rubbing.

Drying:

Air dry the test cloth.

Evaluation:

1. Back each tested rubbing cloth with three layers of white rubbing cloth when evaluating.
2. Assess the staining of the cotton rubbing cloth with the grey scale for staining under suitable illumination.

Fastness Property Evaluation:

• Grey scale for color change.
• Grey scale for staining

Fastness Grades:

1-5 for all except light fastness

Grade-1: Poor

Grade-5: Excellent

Interpretation of Grade:

1	Very Poor
2	Poor
3	Fair
4	Good
5	Excellent

Range of Limit: 1-5 Grade.

Accuracy(+/-): 0.5

Conclusion:

In this experiment, we get knowledge about color fastness to rubbing and crock meter. We learn about how crock meter works, how determine color fastness. This experiment surely help us to measuring the color fastness of fabric.

Determination of CSP Value of Cotton Yarn by Lea Strength Tester.

Experiment No.: 03

Experiment Name: Determination of CSP Value of Cotton Yarn by Lea Strength Tester.

Introduction:

A lea strength tester measures the strength of one lea yarn. One lea means 120 yards. Strength is a measure of the steady force necessary to break a material and is measured in pound. The machine works in constant rate of extension.

Objectives:

1. To determine yarn lea strength
2. To calculate count strength product

Apparatus:

1. Cotton Yarn
2. Warp Reel
3. Lea Strength Tester
4. Calculator

Figure:

Machine Description:

• Name of the machine: MecStretchXT
• Origin: India
• Brand: MAG
• Company: Mag Solvice (pvt.) Ltd.

Feature of the Machine:

1. Accurate determination of strength of leaskeir
2. Vertical type accommodates easily on wall
3. Constant rate of extension principle
4. Strength measurement up to 300lbs to 0.3 readability

Working Principle:

1. At first lea cotton yarn is measured by warp reel and in this way 5 samples are taken for testing.
2. Now, the first sample is fixed with the upper jaw j1 and lower jaw j2.
3. The machine is started and observed the dial unit the sample is turn out.
4. When the sample is turn out the machine is stopped and the reading is taken.
5. By this way the others reading are taken.
6. Then all the samples are weighted and counts are calculated.
7. C.S.P of the all samples are calculated.
8. At last calculate the average C.S.P

Calculation:

For sample 01, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 61 x 40

                                  = 2440

For sample 02, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 61.5 x 40

                                  = 2460

For sample 03, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 62 x 40

                                  = 2480

For sample 04, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 62.3 x 40

                                  = 2492

For sample 05, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 63 x 40

                                  = 2520

 Average CSP            =   (2440+2460+2480+2492+2520)/5

                                  = 2478.4

Table:

Observation No.:	Yarn Strength	Yarn Count (Ne)	CSP	Average CSP
01	61	40	2440	2478.2
02	61.5	40	2460
03	62	40	2480
04	62.3	40	2492
05	63	40	2520

Result:

Average C.S.P is 2478.4

Conclusion:

 In this experiment we can learn about count strength product and determine the CSP. CSP less than 1800 are week, between 1800-2200 are average and greater than 2200 are strong. Our experimental CSP is 2478.4 which is greater than the standard 2200. So this is good strength fibre.

Determination of Fabric GSM by GSM Cutter.

Experiment No.: 02

Experiment Name: Determination of Fabric GSM by GSM Cutter.

Introduction: 

The GSM of fabric is one kind of specification of fabric which is very important for textile engineer for understanding and production of fabric. GSM means Gram Per Square Meter, that is the weight of fabric in gram per one square meter. By this we can compare the fabrics in unit area which is heavier and which is lighter.

Objectives:

1. To determine the GSM of the given sample of fabric.
2. To compare the GSM of them.

Apparatus:

1. Template
2. Quadrant Balance
3. Scissor
4. GSM Cutter
5. Electric Balance

Figure:-

Machine Description: 

GSM cutter machine are highly precise fabric cutting equipments and highly demanded as well as appreciated in fabric industries. One time investment life long hustle free running comes with complete metal parts, no workable knife or rubber pads involved. GSM round cutter offered by us come filleted with precision finished and superior grade aluminium and brass blades as well as other associated metal parts that ensure uniform cutting of woven, non woven as well as knitted fabrics. The specialised cutters finding usage in the process of determining the GSM of the product and besides fabric cutting carpet, paper products and board products. Further as these cutters are freely rotatable, locking device which is engaged while the cutter is not in use.

Working Principle:

1. For measuring with quadrant balance at first we should cut the fabric sample according to the template area. By this way cut 5 samples.
2. Now weight these samples in pounds by quadrant balance according to100 yards scale.
3. By this way we get the weight in pound per 100 square yard fabric.
4. For measuring GSM, we should cut the fabric sample by GSM cutter. By this way we cut 5 sample.
5. Now weight these samples by electric balance in grams.
6. By this way we get the weight in gram per one square meter fabric.
7. Now find out the average of these found weights.

Calculation:

For sample 01, GSM  = Sample weight in gm x 100
                                   = 2.55 x 100

                                   = 255

For sample 02, GSM  = Sample weight in gm x 100

                                   = 2.25 x 100

                                   = 225

For sample 03, GSM  = Sample weight in gm x 100

                                   = 2.36 x 100

                                   = 236

For sample 04, GSM  = Sample weight in gm x 100

                                   = 2.45 x 100

                                   = 245

For sample 05, GSM  = Sample weight in gm x 100

                                   = 2.50 x 100

                                   = 250

So, Average GSM      = (255+225+236+245+250)/5  

                                   = 242.2

Table:

Observation No.:	Sample Weight in gm	GSM	Average GSM
01	2.55	255	242.2
02	2.25	225
03	2.36	236
04	2.45	245
05	2.50	250

Result:

 The weight of the fabric is 242.2 GSM.

Conclusion: 

The instrument is very popular in the textile industries to measure GSM of fabric. It can use easily to determine accurate GSM for non woven and woven fabric.