Determination of Color Fastness to Rubbing.

Experiment No.: 04

Experiment Name: Determination of Color Fastness to Rubbing.

Introduction:

In the textile industry, a rub test determines the colorfastness of the color or dye in a fabric. It  is an essential test.

Rubbing: 

This part of ISO 105 specifies a method for determining the resistance of the color of textiles of all kinds of fabrics, to rubbing off and staining other materials.

Principle:

Specimens of the textile are rubbed with a dry rubbing cloth and with a wet rubbing cloth.

Objectives:

1. To know about the color fastness of the given sample fabric.
2. To know the dyeing characteristic of fabric.
3. To know about crock meter.
4. To know the working principle of crock meter.
5. To know the color fastness of given sample.

Apparatus:

1. Suitable Crock Meter
2. Cotton Rubbing Cloth (desized, bleached, without finish)
3. Distilled Water
4. Emery Paper
5. Grey Scale for Staining
6. Filter Paper
7. Sample

Test Specimen:

If the textile to be tested is a fabric, two pieces not less than 14cm X 5cm are required for dry rubbing and two for wet rubbing. One specimen of each pair shall have the long direction parallel to the warp yarns and the other parallel to the weft yarns.

If the textile to be tested is yarn or thread, knit it into fabric to provide specimens at least 14cm X 5cm or from a layer of parallel stands by warping it lengthwise on a cardboard rectangle of similar

dimensions.

Before testing conditioning the specimen and rubbing cloth at least 4 hours.

Figure:

Machine Description:

All the parts of machine is suitable on a base. A standing device is contacted with base. There is an emery paper on the base to support the sample on pinned specimen holder is used on the emery paper to base the sample. At the right side of the standing device. Operating handle is situated at the left side a finger arm is placed a loading unit is situated on the finger arm lower of the finger arm a danger is attracted. There is spring is used to hole the crocking cloth.

Working Principle:

1. At first cut the fabric as required.
2. Set the fabric on the emery paper of crock meter.
3. Then set the crocking cloth in the finger pin with clip.
4. Rotate the handle of crock meter in ten times for rubbing the sample.
5. Remove the crocking cloth from peg.
6. In this way, we have done the rubbing for dry and wet condition of fabric

Dry Rubbing:

Place the conditioned rubbing cloth, flat over the end of the finger with weave parallel to the direction of rubbing finger. At a rate of one cycle per second, rub to and fro in a straight line 20times, 10times to and 10times fro along a track (104 +/- 3) mm long on the dry specimen with downward force of (9 +/- 0.2) N. Remove test specimen and again conditioning as described before.

Wet Rubbing:

Establish  a technique for preparing rubbing cloth by weighting a conditioned piece of cloth, then thoroughly soak in distilled water and re weight to ensure take up 95% to 100%. Then follow the instruction of dry rubbing.

Drying:

Air dry the test cloth.

Evaluation:

1. Back each tested rubbing cloth with three layers of white rubbing cloth when evaluating.
2. Assess the staining of the cotton rubbing cloth with the grey scale for staining under suitable illumination.

Fastness Property Evaluation:

• Grey scale for color change.
• Grey scale for staining

Fastness Grades:

1-5 for all except light fastness

Grade-1: Poor

Grade-5: Excellent

Interpretation of Grade:

1	Very Poor
2	Poor
3	Fair
4	Good
5	Excellent

Range of Limit: 1-5 Grade.

Accuracy(+/-): 0.5

Conclusion:

In this experiment, we get knowledge about color fastness to rubbing and crock meter. We learn about how crock meter works, how determine color fastness. This experiment surely help us to measuring the color fastness of fabric.

Determination of CSP Value of Cotton Yarn by Lea Strength Tester.

Experiment No.: 03

Experiment Name: Determination of CSP Value of Cotton Yarn by Lea Strength Tester.

Introduction:

A lea strength tester measures the strength of one lea yarn. One lea means 120 yards. Strength is a measure of the steady force necessary to break a material and is measured in pound. The machine works in constant rate of extension.

Objectives:

1. To determine yarn lea strength
2. To calculate count strength product

Apparatus:

1. Cotton Yarn
2. Warp Reel
3. Lea Strength Tester
4. Calculator

Figure:

Machine Description:

• Name of the machine: MecStretchXT
• Origin: India
• Brand: MAG
• Company: Mag Solvice (pvt.) Ltd.

Feature of the Machine:

1. Accurate determination of strength of leaskeir
2. Vertical type accommodates easily on wall
3. Constant rate of extension principle
4. Strength measurement up to 300lbs to 0.3 readability

Working Principle:

1. At first lea cotton yarn is measured by warp reel and in this way 5 samples are taken for testing.
2. Now, the first sample is fixed with the upper jaw j1 and lower jaw j2.
3. The machine is started and observed the dial unit the sample is turn out.
4. When the sample is turn out the machine is stopped and the reading is taken.
5. By this way the others reading are taken.
6. Then all the samples are weighted and counts are calculated.
7. C.S.P of the all samples are calculated.
8. At last calculate the average C.S.P

Calculation:

For sample 01, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 61 x 40

                                  = 2440

For sample 02, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 61.5 x 40

                                  = 2460

For sample 03, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 62 x 40

                                  = 2480

For sample 04, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 62.3 x 40

                                  = 2492

For sample 05, CSP  = Yarn Strength x Yarn Count

                                  = 63 x 40

                                  = 2520

 Average CSP            =   (2440+2460+2480+2492+2520)/5

                                  = 2478.4

Table:

Observation No.:	Yarn Strength	Yarn Count (Ne)	CSP	Average CSP
01	61	40	2440	2478.2
02	61.5	40	2460
03	62	40	2480
04	62.3	40	2492
05	63	40	2520

Result:

Average C.S.P is 2478.4

Conclusion:

 In this experiment we can learn about count strength product and determine the CSP. CSP less than 1800 are week, between 1800-2200 are average and greater than 2200 are strong. Our experimental CSP is 2478.4 which is greater than the standard 2200. So this is good strength fibre.

Study on single needle lock stitch machine.

Experiment No: 05

Experiment Name: Study on single needle lock stitch machine.

Introduction:

A sewing machine is a textile machine use to stitch fabric or other material together with thread. Sewing machine were invented during the first industrial revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. The industrial lock stitch sewing machine is generally one needle machine but two needle machine is also used. Various type of feed mechanism are found with lock stitch sewing machine. The sewing speed of various types of lock stitch and of various companies are different. The sewing speed means making of stitches per minute that means SPM (Stitches per minute).

Objectives:-

1. To obtain a clear knowledge a particular action of different parts of single need lock stitch sewing machine.
2. To clearly observe the mechanism construction parts of lock stitch sewing machine.

Figure:-

Main parts:-

1. Machine bed.
2. Bobbin case.
3. Feed dog.
4. Presser foot.
5. Foot peadet.
6. Needle. 
7. Pressure foot level. 
8. Reverse level.
9. Spool pin.
10. Stitch length regulator. 
11. Thread guide. 
12. thread tension. 
13. Throat plate.
14. Needle plate.
15. Handle wheel. 
16. Needle bar.
17. Pressure foot bar.
18. Take up lever.

Parts of sewing machine:-

1. Spool pin:- It is fitted on top of the arm to hold the reel.
2. Thread guide:- It holds the thread in position from the spool to the needle.
3. Thread disc:- The two concave disc put together with the convex sides facing each other. The thread passes between the two.
4. Take up lever:- It is a lever fitted to the body of the arm. Its ups and down motion feed the thread to the needle.
5. Needle bar:- This is a steel red to hold the needle at one end with the help at clamp.
6. Bobbin case:- This moves onto positions to catch the top thread and form the stitch.
7. Pressure foot:- It is fixed to the pressure bar to hold the cloth firmly in position when lowered.
8. Stitch regulator:- This control the length of the stitch.
9. Slide plate:- A rectangular plate which facilities the removal at the bobbin case.
10. Needle plate:-  A semi circular disc with a hole of allow the needle to pass through it.
11. Feed dog:-  This consists of a set of teeth fitted blow the needle plate. It helps to move cloth forward while sewing.
12. Face plate:- A cover which on removal gives access to the oilling points on the needle bar, presser bar and take up lever.

Features of single needle lock stitch sewing machine:-

1. Lock stitch is formed by single needle of a plain sewing machine.
2. The speed of a lock stitch sewing is up to 6000 rpm.
3. During stitch formation; the needle thread is interlaced with the bobbin thread by means of a hook.
4. Lock stitch machine can be distinguished by the winding device provided for bobbin thread.
5. Programmable plain fewing machine is used for few respective operation.

Conclusion:

The lock stitch which is used in most modern machine is formed from a single thread by this experiment we able to know about the part if a single needle lock stitch sewing machine will be useful for the future.